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The individual lectures

What is Language
What is Linguistics
Phonetics 1: Describing Consonants
Phonetics 2: Describing Vowels

Phonology 1: Analysing "Segments" (speech sounds)
Phonology 2: Beyond the Segment
Morphology 1: Words and How to Build Them
Morphology 2: More Word Building
Semantics 1: Word Meaning
Semantics 2: Word Meaning and Beyond
Syntax 1: Approaches and Constituents of sentences
Syntax 2: Extended Notions of Syntactic Theory
Pragmatics 1: Language in Use
Pragmatics 2: Organising Conversations

Lecture: Introduction to Language and Linguistics 

Important note to begin with

The contents of this page is my own intellectual property, apart from the PDFs for Further Reading. Students and interested parties are welcome to explore it but need to be aware that they can be used but need to be acknowledged being my work.

 

Introduction

This page contains the material that were covered in the individual sessions of the lecture “Introduction to Linguistics”, which I taught for many years at the English Department of the University of Bern.

It represents a fairly informal series of presentations that are meant to give novices, perhaps even reluctant ones, a way to start thinking about language, how it is structured and how it can be analysed. It is accompanied by a script called Beginning Linguistics, which was a work in progress. Any typos or inconsistencies were meant to be addressed in future versions. Perhaps one day I will get it into a final form…

Two words of warning:

  • Firstly, the majority of the lectures deal with what is known as Theoretical Linguistics, covering basic topics that later lectures and seminars would not as we were very much a department focused on sociolinguistics and discourse analysis.
  • Secondly, as every topic had to be dealt with in the framework of a lecture with 14 sessions, it was not possible to deal with the topics in the detailed fashion that specialists in such topics would consider appropriate. This is particularly true for the Syntax, which is a field complex enough to merit a whole study programme in itself. The model chosen is a simple if not a simplistic one, but teaching an introductory course always means restricting the material to dimensions that can be worked through for beginners in the limited time and with the incipient understanding of a the topic in question.

In the last column there are links to PDFs with excerpts from other textbooks which cover the same ground as we dealt with in class, often from a different angle. It is useful for be aware of alternative approaches to the topics a lecture covers, which is why such further reading is very important for an understanding of the concepts dealt with in this course.

Dive in and,  most importantly, have fun!  


The Script/Workbook with gaps to train looking for key concepts

The same script with the gaps filled in

And here is a Word document and a PDF file with  the IPA symbols for copy-pasting if you have not been able(willing?) to install the IPA fonts.
Content
pages of booklet
Wreading these helps)
Podcast Link
Further reading /
additional material

What is language?

Questions raised in Chapter 1
7-26

(1.1 - 1.1.5)
Podcast 1
Further reading:
Fromkin et al. "What is Language?"

And some interesting thoughts on "Language"

What is Language and
what is Linguistics

The connections between language and their study in linguistics

27-35

(1.1.7 - 1.5)

 
Podcast 2


Further Reading:
Brief Overview (Centre of Applied Linguistics)

Key Exercises Chapter 1

Phonetics 1
Describing Consonants

  • How to represent spoken language in writing:
  • The need for an International Phonetic Alphabet IPA
  • How to describe consonants
36-44

(2.1. - 2.3.1)


Podcast 3
The complete IPA chart with sounds files

Further Reading:
Cue cards to practice IPA symbols and descriptions of consonants

Phonectis 2
Describing Vowels

  • Descriptive parameters of vowels
  • Standard Lexical Sets and vowels in Standard Englishes (RP and GenAM)
  • Diphthongs and Triphthongs

44-51

(2.3.2)
Podcast 4
Key Exercises Chapter 2

And for your smartphone a number of interesting phonetics practice apps

Cue Cards (print out each double sided) to practice IPA signs and descriptors for
And here is  an entertaining link to "applied phonetics":

Phonology 1: Segments

  • Phonemes vs. Allophones
  • Segments in fluent speech
58-66
(3.1. - 3.2.2.)
Podcast 5
One of my students found this very useful site to practice descriptions and IPA symbols
(remark: in the vowel descriptions "tense" stands for "long" and "lax" for "short" vowels)

Phonology 2: Beyond the Segment

  • Phonotactics and syllable structure
  • Feet and timing
  • Stress and intonation
66-73
(3.3)
Podcast 6
  Key Exercises Chapter 3

Morphology 1: Words and how to build them

  • Word vs. lexeme/lexical Item
  • Morphemes
  • Affixation and its productivity
80 - 87
(4.1 - 4.2.3)
Podcast 7
For a comprehensive overview of affixes in English check this website.

Morphology 2: Word building continued

  • Inflectional vs derivational morphology
  • Compounding and compounds
  • Word wuilding overview
87 - 96
Podcast 8


One of my students suggested this link about "lexical gaps" used for the naming of game characters

Key Exercises: Chapter 4

Semantics 1: Word meaning

Introduction to word meaning and meaning relations
102 - 113
Podcast 9
Read
And here is an interesting popular science article on why the words for Mother and Father seem so similar in most languages.

Semantics 2: Word Meaning and Beyond

Fuzziness, prototypes, figurative language and relationships between sound and meaning
113-127
Podcast 10

Apologies: This is a podcast from a  previous year. The reason is that I forgot to activate the recording when delivering the lecture
Key Exercises: Chapter 5





Syntax 1: Approaches and Constituents of Sentences

Levels of and approaches to clause and sentence analysis
Constituents and structure "trees"
134-146
Podcast 11
Read

Syntax 2: Extended Notions of Syntactic Theory

Syntactic anaylses, Deep and Surface Structure and Transformations, Language typologies based on functional structure
146 - 164
Podcast 12
Key Exercises: Chapter 6

Key Exercise 5.





Pragmatics 1: Language in Use

Introduction to Macrolinguistics concepts
communication
speech act theory
168 - 191
Podcast 13Read
  • Chapter 2 'Some Tentative Axioms of Human Communication'  by  Watzlawick, Beavin and Jackson is available on Google Books
  • Allwood 1977 on Speech Act Theory

Pragmatics 2: Organising Conversations

Turn-taking, FTAs and the Cooperative Principle
191 - 204
Podcast 13Reading Material:
And these classics:
Key Exercises Chapter 7


 

© Notice: The texts posted on this page are meant as potential input for current and recent activities. They can be downloaded and used freely but it must be remembered that they are all copyright.